[م .نبيل زبن]

Bones of the trunk


Bones of the trunk







The bones of the trunk with the left scapula* seen from the back
a) First cervical vertebra* atlas. (See also figures 2 and 3* 4 and 5.)
b) Second cervical vertebra* axis (epistropheus). (See also figures 2 and 3* and 6.)
c) Seventh cervical (last) vertebra (vertebra prominens).
d) First thoracic vertebra.
e) Twelfth (last) thoracic vertebra.
f) First lumbar vertebra.
g) Fifth (last) lumbar vertebra.
h) Spinous process.
i) Transverse process.
k) Intervertebral foramen.
l) First (true) rib.
m) Twelfth rib.
n) Clavicle.
o) Scapula.
p) Sacral bone.
q) Coccygeal bone.
r) Ilium (part of the innominate bone).
s) Ischium (part of the innominate bone).
t) Pubic bone (part of the innominate [coxal] bone).
u) Sacral canal (entrance).
v) Superior oblique process of the sacral bone.
w) False spinous process.
x) Spurious oblique and transverse process.
y) Posterior sacral foramina.
z) Sacral horn.
a) Exit of sacral canal.
b) coccygeal horn.
g) Iliac crest.
d) Posterior superior iliac spine.
e) Posterior semilunar incisure of the ilium.
z) Posterior inferior iliac spine.
h) Greater sciatic notch.
q) Semicircular line (superior external arcuate line).
i)Arcuate line (inferior arcuate line).
k) Acetabulum.
l) Descending ramus of the arcuate line.
m) Ischial tuberosity.
x) Lesser sciatic foramen.
p) Obturator foramen.
r) Ascending ramus of the ischium.
s) Descending ramus of the pubic bone (see also Plate 3* figures 1* 2* 5* 6* 7 and 8



The first two cervical vertebra* Atlas and Axis* seen from the front and back

a) Atlas (first cervical vertebra).
b) Axis (second cervical vertebra) reversed.
c) Odontoid process of the axis.
d) Condyloid process of the atlas




The first cervical vertebra* Atlas* seen from above and behind and from below

a) Anterior arch of the atlas (attachment site for rectus capitis anterior minor* anterior atlanto-occipital ligament).
b) Posterior arch.
c) Lateral mass.
d) Posterior tubercle of the atlas (origin of rectus capitis posterior minor).
e) Fovea dentis atlantis.
f) Condyloid fossa of the superior oblique process (formed by the condyle of the occipital bone; a hinge joint).
g) Transverse atlantic process (attachment site for mm rectus capitis lateralis* superior and inferior capitis oblique).
h) Vertebral foramen (transverse foramen) (vertebral canal for the vertebral artery.
i) Groove for the vertebral artery.
k) Lateral tubercle for ligamentum transversum. (lig. Cruciforme atlantis).
l) Vertebral foramen or canal.
m) Anterior atlantic tubercle (attachment for m. longus colli* and anterior longitudinal ligament



The second cervical vertebra* axis* seen from the front

a) Body of the axis.
b) Odontoin process.
c) Neck of the odontoid process.
d) Fovea for dentis atlantis.
e) Apex of the odontoid process.
f) Superior oblique process (it forms* with the atlas* a rotation joint).
g) Inferior oblique process.
h) Transverse process* with the vertebral foramen or vertebral canal for the vertebral canal




This figure is of a cervical vertebra seen from the front

a) Body.
b) Arch.
c) Spinous process (short and broad).
d) Notch in the spinous process for ligamentum nuchae.
e) Transverse process (broad* with a groove and hole).
f) Superior oblique process (above the continuation of the joint).
g) Vertebral foramen (the 7 vertebral foramina for the vertebral arteries and veins.
h) Spinal foramen and canal.



A thoracic (fig. 8) and a lumbar (fig. 9) vertebra.


a) Body.
b) Arch.
c) Vertebral notch (forms an intervertebral foramen for spinal nerves and branches of spinal arteries).
d) Spinous process.
e) Transverse process.
f) Joint surface for a rib tubercle.
g) Superior oblique process.